sf data frame with POINT geometry representing 9,265 global locations with one response variable represented in five different encodings of the long-term average (1999-2019) of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and 58 environmental predictors (47 numeric, 11 categorical). Use vi_extra() to download an extended version with 30,000 rows. There is a smaller version of this dataset (580 rows) named vi_smol
NDVI values are derived from the Copernicus Global Land Service Long Term Statistics product (1999-2019) at 1 km resolution. Locations were spatially thinned to reduce spatial autocorrelation.
Environmental predictors were extracted as pixel values from normalized raster data at 1 km resolution.
Usage
data(vi)Format
An sf data frame with 9265 rows (locations) and 64 columns:
Response variables (5):
vi_numeric: Continuous NDVI value (0-1).vi_counts: Integer count encoding of NDVI (vi_numeric * 1000).vi_binomial: Binary encoding of NDVI (1 if vi_numeric > 0.5, else 0).vi_categorical: Categorical encoding of NDVI ("very_low", "low", "medium", "high", "very_high").vi_factor: Factor encoding of NDVI (vi_categorical as factor).
Predictor variables:
koppen_zone: Koppen climate zone code (Beck et al. 2018).koppen_group: Koppen climate group name.koppen_description: Koppen climate description.soil_type: Soil classification type.topo_slope: Topographic slope in degrees.topo_diversity: Number of combinations of different elevations, slopes, and aspects in a 5 km radius around each 1 km cell.topo_elevation: Elevation in meters.swi_mean: Mean annual soil water index (unitless, 0-100 cm depth).swi_max: Maximum annual soil water index (unitless, 0-100 cm depth).swi_min: Minimum annual soil water index (unitless, 0-100 cm depth).swi_range: Annual soil water index range (unitless, 0-100 cm depth).soil_temperature_mean: Mean annual land surface temperature (degrees C).soil_temperature_max: Maximum annual land surface temperature (degrees C).soil_temperature_min: Minimum annual land surface temperature (degrees C).soil_temperature_range: Annual land surface temperature range (degrees C).soil_sand: Soil sand content (%).soil_clay: Soil clay content (%).soil_silt: Soil silt content (%).soil_ph: Soil pH.soil_soc: Soil organic carbon content (%).soil_nitrogen: Soil nitrogen content (%).solar_rad_mean: Mean annual solar radiation (kJ m-2).solar_rad_max: Maximum annual solar radiation (kJ m-2).solar_rad_min: Minimum annual solar radiation (kJ m-2).solar_rad_range: Annual solar radiation range (kJ m-2).growing_season_length: Length of the growing season (days).growing_season_temperature: Mean temperature of the growing season (degrees C).growing_season_rainfall: Accumulated precipitation of the growing season (kg m-2).growing_degree_days: Growing degree days above 0 degrees C accumulated over one year (degree-days).temperature_mean: Mean annual air temperature (degrees C; CHELSA bio1).temperature_max: Maximum temperature of warmest month (degrees C; CHELSA bio5).temperature_min: Minimum temperature of coldest month (degrees C; CHELSA bio6).temperature_range: Annual air temperature range (degrees C; CHELSA bio7).temperature_seasonality: Temperature seasonality as standard deviation of monthly means (degrees C; CHELSA bio4).rainfall_mean: Mean annual rainfall (kg m-2).rainfall_min: Minimum monthly rainfall (kg m-2).rainfall_max: Maximum monthly rainfall (kg m-2).rainfall_range: Annual rainfall range (kg m-2).evapotranspiration_mean: Mean annual potential evapotranspiration (kg m-2 month-1; Penman-Monteith).evapotranspiration_max: Maximum monthly potential evapotranspiration (kg m-2 month-1; Penman-Monteith).evapotranspiration_min: Minimum monthly potential evapotranspiration (kg m-2 month-1; Penman-Monteith).evapotranspiration_range: Annual potential evapotranspiration range (kg m-2 month-1; Penman-Monteith).cloud_cover_mean: Mean annual total cloud cover (%).cloud_cover_max: Maximum monthly total cloud cover (%).cloud_cover_min: Minimum monthly total cloud cover (%).cloud_cover_range: Annual total cloud cover range (%).aridity_index: Mean aridity index (unitless ratio; higher values indicate wetter conditions).humidity_mean: Mean annual near-surface relative humidity (%).humidity_max: Maximum monthly near-surface relative humidity (%).humidity_min: Minimum monthly near-surface relative humidity (%).humidity_range: Annual near-surface relative humidity range (%).biogeo_ecoregion: Ecoregion name.biogeo_biome: Biome name.biogeo_realm: Ecological realm name.country_name: Country name.continent: Continent name.region: UN region name.subregion: UN sub-region name.
Geometry:
geometry: Point geometry (WGS84, EPSG:4326).
Source
Response variables (NDVI):
Copernicus Land Monitoring Service. (2019). Normalised Difference Vegetation Index Statistics (Long Term 1999-2019), raster 1 km, global, version 3. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. doi:10.2909/290e81fb-4c84-42ad-ae12-f663312b0eda
Climate classification:
Beck, H.E., et al. (2018). Present and future Koppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Scientific Data, 5, 180214. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
Soil water index:
Copernicus Land Monitoring Service: Soil Water Index. doi:10.2909/290e81fb-4c84-42ad-ae12-f663312b0eda
Climate predictors (temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, growing season, evapotranspiration, cloud cover, humidity):
Brun, P., Zimmermann, N.E., Hari, C., Pellissier, L., & Karger, D.N. (2022). CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ A novel set of global climate-related predictors at kilometre-resolution. EnviDat. doi:10.16904/envidat.332
Soil type and properties:
Hengl, T., et al. (2017). SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLOS ONE, 12(2), e0169748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169748
Soil temperature:
Wan, Z., Hook, S., & Hulley, G. (2015). MOD11A2 MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS LP DAAC. doi:10.5067/MODIS/MOD11A2.006
Ecoregions and biogeography:
Dinerstein, E., et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm. BioScience, 67(6), 534-545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014
Elevation and topography:
Jarvis, A., Guevara, E., Reuter, H. I., & Nelson, A. D. (2008). Hole-filled SRTM for the globe: version 4, data grid. Web publication/site, CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information. https://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
Aridity index:
Zomer, R.J., Xu, J., & Trabucco, A. (2022). Version 3 of the Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration Database. Scientific Data, 9, 409. doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01493-1
Country, continent, region, and subregion:
Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data. https://www.naturalearthdata.com/
See also
Other vi:
vi_extra(),
vi_predictors,
vi_responses,
vi_smol
Examples
data(vi)
colnames(vi)
#> [1] "vi_numeric" "vi_counts"
#> [3] "vi_binomial" "vi_categorical"
#> [5] "vi_factor" "koppen_zone"
#> [7] "koppen_group" "koppen_description"
#> [9] "soil_type" "topo_slope"
#> [11] "topo_diversity" "topo_elevation"
#> [13] "swi_mean" "swi_max"
#> [15] "swi_min" "swi_range"
#> [17] "soil_temperature_mean" "soil_temperature_max"
#> [19] "soil_temperature_min" "soil_temperature_range"
#> [21] "soil_sand" "soil_clay"
#> [23] "soil_silt" "soil_ph"
#> [25] "soil_soc" "soil_nitrogen"
#> [27] "solar_rad_mean" "solar_rad_max"
#> [29] "solar_rad_min" "solar_rad_range"
#> [31] "growing_season_length" "growing_season_temperature"
#> [33] "growing_season_rainfall" "growing_degree_days"
#> [35] "temperature_mean" "temperature_max"
#> [37] "temperature_min" "temperature_range"
#> [39] "temperature_seasonality" "rainfall_mean"
#> [41] "rainfall_min" "rainfall_max"
#> [43] "rainfall_range" "evapotranspiration_mean"
#> [45] "evapotranspiration_max" "evapotranspiration_min"
#> [47] "evapotranspiration_range" "cloud_cover_mean"
#> [49] "cloud_cover_max" "cloud_cover_min"
#> [51] "cloud_cover_range" "aridity_index"
#> [53] "humidity_mean" "humidity_max"
#> [55] "humidity_min" "humidity_range"
#> [57] "biogeo_ecoregion" "biogeo_biome"
#> [59] "biogeo_realm" "country_name"
#> [61] "continent" "region"
#> [63] "subregion" "geometry"
nrow(vi)
#> [1] 9265
ncol(vi)
#> [1] 64